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hELLO ยท Designed By ์ •์ƒ์šฐ.
๐Ÿธminzzi

Minzzi์•ผ

CS/Computer Networking

1.2 The Network Edge

2022. 9. 2. 16:00

๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 

 

  1. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ฃ์ง€(Network edge)
  2. ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(Access network)
  3. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฝ”์–ด(Network core)

end system๋“ค์„ core์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค๊ณผ Link๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” physical media์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ…์ด๋‹ค.


1. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ฃ์ง€๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ end systems์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. End system์€ host์ด๋‹ค. host๋Š” ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” data senter์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. 

 

2. ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ด๋‹ค. end system๋“ค์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์—์„œ ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ PC์— ๋žœ์„ ์„ ๊ผฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ KT๋‚˜ SKT๊ฐ™์€ ISP๊ฐ€ ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—๋Š” wired, wireless communication links๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 

3. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฝ”์–ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ค‘์•™์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฝ”์–ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ router๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ฝํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ISP๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ network of networks ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 


Access networks and physical media

edge - core - edge๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ, access network๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ edge router๋“ค์„ core์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋А๋ƒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด host๋ฅผ edge router(host์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด router)์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‚˜?

1) ํ™ˆ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(Residential access network)

2) ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(Institutional access network)

3) ์ด๋™์‹ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(Mobile access network)

 

access network๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด end system์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ๋Š” DSL๊ณผ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”, FTTH๋ฐฉ์‹์„, ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋”๋„ท๊ณผ ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. 

์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” broadband residential access ๋Š” DSL(digital subscriber line)๊ณผ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์ž„.

access network ์ฆ‰ ์ „์†กํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ „์†ก๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” shared access์™€ ์ „์†ก๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” dedicated access๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด์™€ ์ „ํ™”ํ†ตํ™”์ด๋‹ค.


Access networks : cable-based access

 

Cable network๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๋Š” cable modem์ด ์—ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. cable model์€ disital ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Cable network์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ Coaxial cable(๋™์ถ• ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. 

 

Cable network์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ํ•œ ๋ผ์ธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘์˜ cable๋“ค์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ์ง‘ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‹ค์–ด์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง‘์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‹ค์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ FDM(frequency division multiplexing)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 

 

Cable network ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด HFC(hybrid fiber coax)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ fiber๊ณผ coaxial์ด hybrid๋กœ ์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค. 


Access networks : digital subscriber line(DSL)

access network ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ DSL์ด๋‹ค. 

DSL์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™”์„ (existing telephone line)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 

DSL model์€ PC์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ํ™”์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „ํ™”์„ ์˜ ์œ ์„  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ voice์™€ data๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์ „์†ก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 

 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ voice์™€ data๊ฐ€ ์„ž์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‘˜์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. celtral office ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” DSLAM(DSL access multiplexer)์—์„œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด data์ด๋ฉด ISP router๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  voice๋ฉด telephone network๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค.  

 

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ voice์™€ data๋Š” ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท/์ „ํ™” data๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ downstream๊ณผ upstream์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. 

  • downstream : central office(server) -> ์ง‘(client)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ
    • 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
  • upstream : ์ง‘(client) -> central office(server)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ
    • 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate

๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ upstream์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ downstream์ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’๋‹ค. 


Access networks : fiber to the home(FTTH)

FTTH๋Š” ๊ด‘์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ง‘์—์„œ central office๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ์†๋„์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์žฌ์งˆ๋กœ ๋œ coaxial cable์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ ์”จ์™€ ๋‚™๋ขฐ ๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ, ์ „ํŒŒ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์ €ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 

 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ OLT๋Š” ๊ด‘์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์ „๊ธฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. 

 

์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ gigabits per second ์†๋„๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋ก  10 ํ˜น์€ 100 megabits per second ์†๋„์ด๋‹ค. 


์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ home networks


Access networks : wireless access networks

Shared wireless access network connects end system to router -> end system์„ router๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” access network๋ฅผ wireless access network๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. '๋ฌด์„ '์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ฒƒ.

  • Wireless local area networks(WLANs) == Wi-Fi 
    • LAN์€ Local Area Network์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ local area ์ง๊ฒฝ 1km ์ด๋‚ด์— device๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ LAN์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 
    • ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ, ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค, ์ง‘์„ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 802.11์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… wifi protocol์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 
    • ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์†๋„, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ „์†ก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 802.11b/g/n/ac/ax ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค.

  • Wide-area cellular access networks == ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ(Base station, LTE/5G๋“ฑ์˜ ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)
    • Wide-area cellular access networks๋Š” LAN๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋„“์€ ๊ฐœ๋….
    • ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” cellular network์ด๋‹ค. 
    • cellular network๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ base station(๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ km ์ด๋‚ด์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค.


Access networks : enterprise networks

  • ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
  • wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches and routers
    • Ethernet : wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
      • ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋กœ์ปฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ†ต์‹  ํ‘œ์ค€.
    • WiFi : wireless access points at 11, 54, 540 Mbps

Links : physical media

  • bit : propagates between transmitter/receiver pairs
  • physical link : what lies between transmitter & receiver
  • guided media -> wires(์œ ์„ ๋งค์ฒด)
    • signals propagate in solid media : copper, fiber, coax
    • twisted pair(tp), coaxial cable, fiber cable ๋“ฑ
  • unguided media -> wireless(๋ฌด์„ ๋งค์ฒด)
    • signals propagate freely : radio
    • ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•จ
  • Twisted pair(TP) 
    • 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋™์„ (insulated copper wires)์ด ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘.
    • ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๊ผฌ์—ฌ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์›ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค.
    • ์ข…๋ฅ˜
      • STP(Shielded Twisted Pair) : ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ผ์™ธ, ๋˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ†ต์‹  ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์“ฐ์ž„
      • UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) : ์ „ํ™”์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ethernet์— ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ž„
      • FTP(Foil Screened Twist Pair) : ์‰ด๋“œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์€ ์€๋ฐ•์ด ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”

  • Coaxial cable(๋™์ถ• ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”)
    • two concentric copper conductors(๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ)
    • bidirectional(์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ)
    • broadband ํ†ต์‹ : TV, internet, etc
      • multiple frequency channels on cable
      • 100's Mbps per chanel
      • ์ฆ‰ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹

  • Fiber optic cable(๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ )
    • ์ง์ง„์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น›์„ ์„ฌ์œ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ตด์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ 
    • high-speed operation
      • high-speed point-to-point transmission(10's-100's Gbps)
    • low error rate
      • repeater๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— electromagnetic noise(์ „์ž๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์„ญ)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ์‡ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๋‹ค.(repeater : ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋” ๋†’์€ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ „์†กํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ

  • Wireless radio
    • signal carried in eletromagnetic spectrum
    • no physical "wire"
    • broadcast and "half-duplex"(sender to receiver)
      • half-duplex : ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „์†ก๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •๋จ.
    • propagation environment effects
      • reflection
      • obstruction by objects
      • interference(์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ)
  • Radio link types
    • Terrestrial microwave
    • Wireless LAN(WiFi)
    • Wide-area(e.g., cellular)
    • Satellite

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